Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 40 Researches
7.4
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 8 Reviews
8.2
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Softgels
Serving Per Container: 60
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
25
Total Fat
2.5 g
3%**
Total Fish Oil
2,600 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) Omega-3
750 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) Omega-3
750 mg
†
DPA (Docosapentaenoic acid) Omega-3
150 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We explored the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on heart disease through a significant study known as the VITAL trial. This study involved nearly 26,000 older adults in the U.S. and aimed to determine the effects of daily EPA supplementation on cardiovascular events over an average follow-up of 5.3 years.
Initially, the results from VITAL seemed to show that omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, by applying Bayesian methods and considering prior research in the field, we observed a more nuanced outcome. Our analysis suggested that taking EPA regularly could significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events, while not showing similar benefits for stroke.
This finding supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a preventive measure for heart health, especially regarding coronary events. Although we didn't find evidence of a benefit for all types of cardiovascular events, the enhanced understanding gained from this reanalysis contributes valuable insights for both clinicians and patients considering omega-3 supplementation for heart disease prevention.
Initially, the results from VITAL seemed to show that omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, by applying Bayesian methods and considering prior research in the field, we observed a more nuanced outcome. Our analysis suggested that taking EPA regularly could significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events, while not showing similar benefits for stroke.
This finding supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a preventive measure for heart health, especially regarding coronary events. Although we didn't find evidence of a benefit for all types of cardiovascular events, the enhanced understanding gained from this reanalysis contributes valuable insights for both clinicians and patients considering omega-3 supplementation for heart disease prevention.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on heart disease, particularly diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). This condition is a significant cause of heart failure, yet until now, effective treatment options have been limited. Our study focused on the protective role of EPA in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin and high-fat diets.
Our findings indicate that EPA is beneficial in reducing the harmful M1-polarized macrophages in the heart. In laboratory tests, EPA showed the ability to protect heart cells from damage caused by these inflammatory cells by shifting the macrophage type from M1 to Mox, rather than to the M2 type. This is crucial since Mox polarization can help shield heart cells from the adverse effects of M1 macrophages.
Additionally, we discovered that a protein called heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) plays a crucial role in sustaining this protective Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1 levels, which in turn helps reduce M1 polarization and its damaging effects on heart cells. Even more promising, EPA was shown to enhance Mox polarization in macrophages derived from diabetic patients, indicating its potential as a treatment strategy.
Overall, our research highlights EPA and macrophage Mox polarization as innovative approaches to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, showcasing a new avenue in the fight against heart disease.
Our findings indicate that EPA is beneficial in reducing the harmful M1-polarized macrophages in the heart. In laboratory tests, EPA showed the ability to protect heart cells from damage caused by these inflammatory cells by shifting the macrophage type from M1 to Mox, rather than to the M2 type. This is crucial since Mox polarization can help shield heart cells from the adverse effects of M1 macrophages.
Additionally, we discovered that a protein called heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) plays a crucial role in sustaining this protective Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1 levels, which in turn helps reduce M1 polarization and its damaging effects on heart cells. Even more promising, EPA was shown to enhance Mox polarization in macrophages derived from diabetic patients, indicating its potential as a treatment strategy.
Overall, our research highlights EPA and macrophage Mox polarization as innovative approaches to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, showcasing a new avenue in the fight against heart disease.
Read More
8
We evaluated the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on heart disease, specifically focusing on its potential to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and cardiovascular mortality (CVD mortality). Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, we gathered insights from 10 prospective cohort studies involving a total of 310,955 participants over an average follow-up period of 8.7 years.
Our analysis revealed that higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, in the blood were associated with a lower risk of both SCD and CVD mortality. Specifically, we found that individuals with high circulating levels of EPA and other omega-3s had a significantly reduced hazard ratio of 0.55 for SCD compared to those with lower levels. This suggests a protective effect linked to increased EPA intake.
Furthermore, our sub-analysis indicated that higher percentages of EPA and another omega-3 called DHA in the blood also correlated with a reduced risk of adverse cardiac events. These findings highlight the promising role of EPA as a beneficial component in cardiovascular health strategies.
Overall, the evidence suggests that increasing our intake of EPA could serve as an effective measure to lessen the incidence of serious heart-related issues, making it a topic worth considering in future dietary recommendations.
Our analysis revealed that higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, in the blood were associated with a lower risk of both SCD and CVD mortality. Specifically, we found that individuals with high circulating levels of EPA and other omega-3s had a significantly reduced hazard ratio of 0.55 for SCD compared to those with lower levels. This suggests a protective effect linked to increased EPA intake.
Furthermore, our sub-analysis indicated that higher percentages of EPA and another omega-3 called DHA in the blood also correlated with a reduced risk of adverse cardiac events. These findings highlight the promising role of EPA as a beneficial component in cardiovascular health strategies.
Overall, the evidence suggests that increasing our intake of EPA could serve as an effective measure to lessen the incidence of serious heart-related issues, making it a topic worth considering in future dietary recommendations.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Blood pressure reduction
It helps maintain heart health by slightly lowering blood pressure and reducing triglyceride levels, thereby lowering the risk of arrhythmia.
Read More
9
Reliable omega-3 supplement
JYM Supplement Science's Omega Fish Oil has become a staple in my routine, providing essential omega-3 fatty acids for heart health, brain function, and well-being. I value its high quality and the absence of fishy aftertaste. If you're seeking a dependable omega-3 to support your health, I highly recommend it, especially for heart disease.
Read More
9
Enhanced physical health
This omega-3 supplement, created and used by Dr. Jim, is designed for maximum health benefits. It contains 1,500 mg of DHA and EPA to promote overall health, including heart disease prevention and improvement in fitness.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 40 Researches
7.4
- All Researches
9
We explored the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on heart disease through a significant study known as the VITAL trial. This study involved nearly 26,000 older adults in the U.S. and aimed to determine the effects of daily EPA supplementation on cardiovascular events over an average follow-up of 5.3 years.
Initially, the results from VITAL seemed to show that omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, by applying Bayesian methods and considering prior research in the field, we observed a more nuanced outcome. Our analysis suggested that taking EPA regularly could significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events, while not showing similar benefits for stroke.
This finding supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a preventive measure for heart health, especially regarding coronary events. Although we didn't find evidence of a benefit for all types of cardiovascular events, the enhanced understanding gained from this reanalysis contributes valuable insights for both clinicians and patients considering omega-3 supplementation for heart disease prevention.
Initially, the results from VITAL seemed to show that omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, by applying Bayesian methods and considering prior research in the field, we observed a more nuanced outcome. Our analysis suggested that taking EPA regularly could significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events, while not showing similar benefits for stroke.
This finding supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a preventive measure for heart health, especially regarding coronary events. Although we didn't find evidence of a benefit for all types of cardiovascular events, the enhanced understanding gained from this reanalysis contributes valuable insights for both clinicians and patients considering omega-3 supplementation for heart disease prevention.
Read More
9
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (a type of omega-3 fatty acid) can play a role in improving heart health, particularly in individuals with heart failure. Our analysis involved a network meta-analysis of numerous randomized controlled trials, focusing on the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on heart function.
The findings showed that high doses of omega-3 supplements, specifically between 2000 to 4000 mg per day, taken for at least a year, can significantly enhance left ventricular ejection fraction, which is an important measure of heart function. This is encouraging news for patients struggling with heart failure, as a better ejection fraction can lead to improved heart health.
We also observed improvements in peak oxygen consumption, offering further evidence of how eicosapentaenoic acid can boost cardiac performance. Importantly, we found no significant increases in dropout rates or overall mortality among those taking omega-3 supplements compared to those not taking them. This suggests that the benefits come without added risks.
Overall, our research underscores the potential of long-term, high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation as a supportive treatment option for heart failure patients, advocating for further studies to confirm these promising results and help refine treatment recommendations.
The findings showed that high doses of omega-3 supplements, specifically between 2000 to 4000 mg per day, taken for at least a year, can significantly enhance left ventricular ejection fraction, which is an important measure of heart function. This is encouraging news for patients struggling with heart failure, as a better ejection fraction can lead to improved heart health.
We also observed improvements in peak oxygen consumption, offering further evidence of how eicosapentaenoic acid can boost cardiac performance. Importantly, we found no significant increases in dropout rates or overall mortality among those taking omega-3 supplements compared to those not taking them. This suggests that the benefits come without added risks.
Overall, our research underscores the potential of long-term, high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation as a supportive treatment option for heart failure patients, advocating for further studies to confirm these promising results and help refine treatment recommendations.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on heart disease, particularly diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). This condition is a significant cause of heart failure, yet until now, effective treatment options have been limited. Our study focused on the protective role of EPA in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin and high-fat diets.
Our findings indicate that EPA is beneficial in reducing the harmful M1-polarized macrophages in the heart. In laboratory tests, EPA showed the ability to protect heart cells from damage caused by these inflammatory cells by shifting the macrophage type from M1 to Mox, rather than to the M2 type. This is crucial since Mox polarization can help shield heart cells from the adverse effects of M1 macrophages.
Additionally, we discovered that a protein called heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) plays a crucial role in sustaining this protective Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1 levels, which in turn helps reduce M1 polarization and its damaging effects on heart cells. Even more promising, EPA was shown to enhance Mox polarization in macrophages derived from diabetic patients, indicating its potential as a treatment strategy.
Overall, our research highlights EPA and macrophage Mox polarization as innovative approaches to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, showcasing a new avenue in the fight against heart disease.
Our findings indicate that EPA is beneficial in reducing the harmful M1-polarized macrophages in the heart. In laboratory tests, EPA showed the ability to protect heart cells from damage caused by these inflammatory cells by shifting the macrophage type from M1 to Mox, rather than to the M2 type. This is crucial since Mox polarization can help shield heart cells from the adverse effects of M1 macrophages.
Additionally, we discovered that a protein called heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) plays a crucial role in sustaining this protective Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1 levels, which in turn helps reduce M1 polarization and its damaging effects on heart cells. Even more promising, EPA was shown to enhance Mox polarization in macrophages derived from diabetic patients, indicating its potential as a treatment strategy.
Overall, our research highlights EPA and macrophage Mox polarization as innovative approaches to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, showcasing a new avenue in the fight against heart disease.
Read More
9
We explored the connection between omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and coronary heart disease (CHD). Our analysis reviewed 36 observational studies that included both prospective and retrospective designs, offering a well-rounded look at how different omega-3 levels may impact heart health.
The results highlighted a clear trend: higher levels of various omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, were associated with a reduced risk of developing CHD. We noted that groups with elevated omega-3 levels displayed lower relative risks—indicating that maintaining a sufficient intake of these fatty acids could be beneficial for heart health.
Interestingly, our findings revealed that patients with CHD had significantly lower omega-3 levels compared to healthier individuals. Moreover, specific subtypes of omega-3, such as EPA and DHA, demonstrated a particularly strong inverse relationship with both fatal and non-fatal heart disease events.
Overall, this analysis shows that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are linked to a decreased risk of CHD. Our findings support the idea that integrating these nutrients into our diets may provide protective benefits against heart disease.
The results highlighted a clear trend: higher levels of various omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, were associated with a reduced risk of developing CHD. We noted that groups with elevated omega-3 levels displayed lower relative risks—indicating that maintaining a sufficient intake of these fatty acids could be beneficial for heart health.
Interestingly, our findings revealed that patients with CHD had significantly lower omega-3 levels compared to healthier individuals. Moreover, specific subtypes of omega-3, such as EPA and DHA, demonstrated a particularly strong inverse relationship with both fatal and non-fatal heart disease events.
Overall, this analysis shows that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are linked to a decreased risk of CHD. Our findings support the idea that integrating these nutrients into our diets may provide protective benefits against heart disease.
Read More
9
We explored how fish oil supplementation and higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, are linked to the risks of heart disease and other complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Analyzing data from over 20,000 participants, we found that those who used fish oil regularly experienced fewer macrovascular issues, like coronary heart disease, and microvascular problems, such as diabetic retinopathy.
Specifically, the study revealed that taking fish oil led to a 10% lower risk of macrovascular complications overall. Moreover, the likelihood of heart disease decreased by about 9% for those who took fish oil when compared to those who didn't.
The positive effects were partially attributed to improvements in lipid profiles and inflammation markers. Higher concentrations of plasma DHA were particularly influential; those in the top quartile had a 32% reduced risk of heart disease. Our findings suggest that incorporating fish oil supplements and DHA into one’s diet may help protect against heart-related complications for people managing diabetes.
Specifically, the study revealed that taking fish oil led to a 10% lower risk of macrovascular complications overall. Moreover, the likelihood of heart disease decreased by about 9% for those who took fish oil when compared to those who didn't.
The positive effects were partially attributed to improvements in lipid profiles and inflammation markers. Higher concentrations of plasma DHA were particularly influential; those in the top quartile had a 32% reduced risk of heart disease. Our findings suggest that incorporating fish oil supplements and DHA into one’s diet may help protect against heart-related complications for people managing diabetes.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 8 Reviews
8.2
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Blood pressure reduction
It helps maintain heart health by slightly lowering blood pressure and reducing triglyceride levels, thereby lowering the risk of arrhythmia.
Read More
9
Reliable omega-3 supplement
JYM Supplement Science's Omega Fish Oil has become a staple in my routine, providing essential omega-3 fatty acids for heart health, brain function, and well-being. I value its high quality and the absence of fishy aftertaste. If you're seeking a dependable omega-3 to support your health, I highly recommend it, especially for heart disease.
Read More
9
Enhanced physical health
This omega-3 supplement, created and used by Dr. Jim, is designed for maximum health benefits. It contains 1,500 mg of DHA and EPA to promote overall health, including heart disease prevention and improvement in fitness.
Read More
7.5
Skin and hair benefits
High-quality omega supplements from quality fish raw materials have improved my skin and hair while supporting my health and immunity. The capsules are smooth and easy to swallow, with a mild aftertaste that fades quickly. At 30 years old, I appreciate the health benefits, particularly for heart disease, as my heart feels normal, and there's no inflammation. My gastrointestinal health is also fine.
Read More
7.5
Heart and brain support
Excellent product! JYM supplements offer perfect dosages with high-quality ingredients. You won’t detect any taste, and the capsule size is just right. This supplement benefits heart and brain health and supports fitness, workouts, and dieting. It's an ideal choice for those dedicated to training.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Skin and hair benefits
High-quality omega supplements from quality fish raw materials have improved my skin and hair while supporting my health and immunity. The capsules are smooth and easy to swallow, with a mild aftertaste that fades quickly. At 30 years old, I appreciate the health benefits, particularly for heart disease, as my heart feels normal, and there's no inflammation. My gastrointestinal health is also fine.
7.5
Brain health promotion
Omega JYM™ delivers high-quality fish oil, supplying 1,500 mg of DHA and EPA to support circulatory health and brain function. This supplement contains the exact amounts I take daily for my overall health. It’s beneficial for maintaining health and tackling heart disease.
7.5
Blood pressure reduction
It helps maintain heart health by slightly lowering blood pressure and reducing triglyceride levels, thereby lowering the risk of arrhythmia.
7.5
Cholesterol management
The quality and size are good, providing benefits for heart health and promoting good cholesterol while preventing harmful cholesterol, essential for fighting heart disease.
9
Enhanced physical health
This omega-3 supplement, created and used by Dr. Jim, is designed for maximum health benefits. It contains 1,500 mg of DHA and EPA to promote overall health, including heart disease prevention and improvement in fitness.
9
Reliable omega-3 supplement
JYM Supplement Science's Omega Fish Oil has become a staple in my routine, providing essential omega-3 fatty acids for heart health, brain function, and well-being. I value its high quality and the absence of fishy aftertaste. If you're seeking a dependable omega-3 to support your health, I highly recommend it, especially for heart disease.
9
We explored the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on heart disease through a significant study known as the VITAL trial. This study involved nearly 26,000 older adults in the U.S. and aimed to determine the effects of daily EPA supplementation on cardiovascular events over an average follow-up of 5.3 years.
Initially, the results from VITAL seemed to show that omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, by applying Bayesian methods and considering prior research in the field, we observed a more nuanced outcome. Our analysis suggested that taking EPA regularly could significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events, while not showing similar benefits for stroke.
This finding supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a preventive measure for heart health, especially regarding coronary events. Although we didn't find evidence of a benefit for all types of cardiovascular events, the enhanced understanding gained from this reanalysis contributes valuable insights for both clinicians and patients considering omega-3 supplementation for heart disease prevention.
Initially, the results from VITAL seemed to show that omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, by applying Bayesian methods and considering prior research in the field, we observed a more nuanced outcome. Our analysis suggested that taking EPA regularly could significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events, while not showing similar benefits for stroke.
This finding supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a preventive measure for heart health, especially regarding coronary events. Although we didn't find evidence of a benefit for all types of cardiovascular events, the enhanced understanding gained from this reanalysis contributes valuable insights for both clinicians and patients considering omega-3 supplementation for heart disease prevention.
8
Cardiovascular benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid
We explored the effectiveness of icosapent ethyl, a formulation of eicosapentaenoic acid, in reducing cardiovascular risks among patients who were already on statin therapy. The focus was on individuals with elevated triglyceride levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at a baseline of 41 to 100 mg/dL.
In this comprehensive analysis of the REDUCE-IT trial, we observed that patients were randomly assigned to receive either icosapent ethyl or a placebo, allowing for a clear comparison of results. The findings revealed that even those with well-controlled LDL-C levels, categorized as less than 55 mg/dL, exhibited significant benefits in cardiovascular outcomes when treated with icosapent ethyl.
Specifically, patients with LDL-C below 55 mg/dL experienced a notable reduction in primary cardiovascular events, with a reported decrease in rates from 22.8% to 16.2%. We also found similar outcomes in patients with LDL-C of 55 mg/dL or higher, further emphasizing the drug's potential effectiveness across different baseline cholesterol levels.
Overall, the study suggests that icosapent ethyl can confer cardiovascular benefits regardless of a patient's baseline LDL-C, indicating its importance in heart disease management, particularly for those at high cardiovascular risk.
In this comprehensive analysis of the REDUCE-IT trial, we observed that patients were randomly assigned to receive either icosapent ethyl or a placebo, allowing for a clear comparison of results. The findings revealed that even those with well-controlled LDL-C levels, categorized as less than 55 mg/dL, exhibited significant benefits in cardiovascular outcomes when treated with icosapent ethyl.
Specifically, patients with LDL-C below 55 mg/dL experienced a notable reduction in primary cardiovascular events, with a reported decrease in rates from 22.8% to 16.2%. We also found similar outcomes in patients with LDL-C of 55 mg/dL or higher, further emphasizing the drug's potential effectiveness across different baseline cholesterol levels.
Overall, the study suggests that icosapent ethyl can confer cardiovascular benefits regardless of a patient's baseline LDL-C, indicating its importance in heart disease management, particularly for those at high cardiovascular risk.
8
We evaluated the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on heart disease, specifically focusing on its potential to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and cardiovascular mortality (CVD mortality). Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, we gathered insights from 10 prospective cohort studies involving a total of 310,955 participants over an average follow-up period of 8.7 years.
Our analysis revealed that higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, in the blood were associated with a lower risk of both SCD and CVD mortality. Specifically, we found that individuals with high circulating levels of EPA and other omega-3s had a significantly reduced hazard ratio of 0.55 for SCD compared to those with lower levels. This suggests a protective effect linked to increased EPA intake.
Furthermore, our sub-analysis indicated that higher percentages of EPA and another omega-3 called DHA in the blood also correlated with a reduced risk of adverse cardiac events. These findings highlight the promising role of EPA as a beneficial component in cardiovascular health strategies.
Overall, the evidence suggests that increasing our intake of EPA could serve as an effective measure to lessen the incidence of serious heart-related issues, making it a topic worth considering in future dietary recommendations.
Our analysis revealed that higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA, in the blood were associated with a lower risk of both SCD and CVD mortality. Specifically, we found that individuals with high circulating levels of EPA and other omega-3s had a significantly reduced hazard ratio of 0.55 for SCD compared to those with lower levels. This suggests a protective effect linked to increased EPA intake.
Furthermore, our sub-analysis indicated that higher percentages of EPA and another omega-3 called DHA in the blood also correlated with a reduced risk of adverse cardiac events. These findings highlight the promising role of EPA as a beneficial component in cardiovascular health strategies.
Overall, the evidence suggests that increasing our intake of EPA could serve as an effective measure to lessen the incidence of serious heart-related issues, making it a topic worth considering in future dietary recommendations.
5
Eicosapentaenoic acid's uncertain impact
We delved into how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, affects heart disease. Our focus was on recent studies, including two notable trials: REDUCE-IT and STRENGTH. While these trials aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of EPA in reducing major cardiovascular events, they yielded conflicting results, prompting questions about EPA's real impact on cardiovascular health.
The REDUCE-IT trial used highly purified EPA, which showed promise in reducing heart problems, while the STRENGTH trial, which combined EPA with DHA, reported different outcomes. This discrepancy leads us to consider factors like genetic variations and dietary influences that might affect these results.
Moreover, we observed that EPA might influence the fluidity of erythrocyte membranes, a factor that could play a role in cardiovascular health. Interestingly, erythrocyte membrane fluidity might even serve as a new biomarker for assessing cardiovascular risk.
Despite the potential benefits observed in some studies, the overall effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid in preventing significant cardiovascular events remains uncertain. As we continue to explore these findings, it’s essential to approach this area of research with caution, especially considering the complexity of cardiovascular health and the various factors at play.
The REDUCE-IT trial used highly purified EPA, which showed promise in reducing heart problems, while the STRENGTH trial, which combined EPA with DHA, reported different outcomes. This discrepancy leads us to consider factors like genetic variations and dietary influences that might affect these results.
Moreover, we observed that EPA might influence the fluidity of erythrocyte membranes, a factor that could play a role in cardiovascular health. Interestingly, erythrocyte membrane fluidity might even serve as a new biomarker for assessing cardiovascular risk.
Despite the potential benefits observed in some studies, the overall effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid in preventing significant cardiovascular events remains uncertain. As we continue to explore these findings, it’s essential to approach this area of research with caution, especially considering the complexity of cardiovascular health and the various factors at play.
References
- Hamaya R, Cook NR, Sesso HD, Buring JE, Manson JE. A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025. 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.028
- Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Icosapent Ethyl by Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Secondary Analysis of the REDUCE-IT Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038656. 10.1161/JAHA.124.038656
- Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Hsu CW, Liang CS, Stubbs B, et al. The Optimal Dosage and Duration of ω-3 PUFA Supplementation in Heart Failure Management: Evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2025;16:100366. 10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100366
- Patil T, Gregory M, Savona N, Jarmukli N, Leonard CE. Evaluating the Real-World Safety of Icosapent Ethyl Versus Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Nationwide US Veterans Cohort: Examining Atrial Fibrillation and Bleeding Endpoints. Clin Drug Investig. 2025;45:69. 10.1007/s40261-024-01417-4
- Kim JY, Kong SYJ, Jung E, Cho YS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Potential Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;14. 10.3390/jcm14010026
- Capece U, Gugliandolo S, Morciano C, Avolio A, Splendore A, et al. Erythrocyte Membrane Fluidity and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake: Current Outlook and Perspectives for a Novel, Nutritionally Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16244318
- Fukuda T, Nakajima T, Hasegawa T, Amano H, Arikawa T, et al. Relationship Between Serum ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentration and Fatty Acid Fraction of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus. 2024;16:e73417. 10.7759/cureus.73417
- O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Abuissa H, Metzinger M, Murray E, et al. Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024. 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.11.003
- Li J, Nan W, Huang X, Meng H, Wang S, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid induces macrophage Mox polarization to prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy. EMBO Rep. 2024;25:5507. 10.1038/s44319-024-00271-x
- Choi GY, Calder PC. The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1423228. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423228
- Amangurbanova M, Daher R, Asbeutah AA, Vemuri B, Mirza H, et al. Higher epicardial adipose tissue volume is associated with higher coronary fatty plaque volume and is regulated by waist circumference but not EPA+DHA supplementation. J Clin Lipidol. 2024;18:e773. 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.06.006
- Kumakura H, Funada R, Matsuo Y, Iwasaki T, Nakashima K, et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Level Predicts Long-Term Survival and Cardiovascular or Limb Event in Peripheral Arterial Disease. Ann Vasc Dis. 2024;17:135. 10.3400/avd.oa.23-00079
- Xiao Y, Chen Y, Pietzner A, Elbelt U, Fan Z, et al. Circulating Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels in Coronary Heart Disease: Pooled Analysis of 36 Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16111610
- Asbeutah AA, Daher R, Malik A, Hariri E, Alfaddagh A, et al. The Effect of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in Subjects With Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2024;225:98. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.06.001
- Sudo Y, Morimoto T, Tsushima R, Oka A, Sogo M, et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid and the Outcomes in Older Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e033969. 10.1161/JAHA.123.033969
- Miyauchi K, Iwata H, Nishizaki Y, Inoue T, Hirayama A, et al. Randomized Trial for Evaluation in Secondary Prevention Efficacy of Combination Therapy-Statin and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (RESPECT-EPA). Circulation. 2024;150:425. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065520
- Shi F, Chowdhury R, Sofianopoulou E, Koulman A, Sun L, et al. Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32:233. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae315
- Lv L, Guo Y, Zheng Z, Li B. Blood metabolites mediate effects of breakfast skipping on heart failure via Mendelian randomization analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:18957. 10.1038/s41598-024-69874-7
- Wang Y, Yang B, Wang C. The association between fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases: A mendelian randomization study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024;63:447. 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.018
- Tian S, Guo T, Qian F, Qiu Z, Lu Q, et al. Fish Oil, Plasma n-3 PUFAs, and Risk of Macro- and Microvascular Complications among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. 10.1210/clinem/dgae482
- Dinu M, Sofi F, Lotti S, Colombini B, Mattioli AV, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary revascularization and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31:1863. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae184
- Braun TS, Drobner T, Kipp K, Kiehntopf M, Schlattmann P, et al. Validation of Nutritional Approaches to Modulate Cardiovascular and Diabetic Risk Factors in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia or Prediabetes-The MoKaRi II Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16091261
- O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Tintle NL, Westra J, Albuisson L, et al. Circulating Docosahexaenoic Acid and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Mayo Clin Proc. 2024;99:534. 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.11.026
- Zeinalabedini M, Ladaninezhad M, Mobarakeh KA, Hoshiar-Rad A, Shekari S, et al. Association of dietary fats with ischemic heart disease (IHD): a case-control study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43:19. 10.1186/s41043-023-00489-w
- Rennemo J, Berge K, Yousaf MN, Eriksen TB, Welde E, et al. An Atypical Course of Cardiomyopathy Syndrome (CMS) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon () Fed a Clinical Nutrition Diet. Microorganisms. 2023;12. 10.3390/microorganisms12010026
- Reiner MF, Bertschi DA, Werlen L, Wiencierz A, Aeschbacher S, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Markers of Thrombosis in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16020178
- Zhao M, Xiao M, Tan Q, Ji J, Lu F. Association between dietary omega-3 intake and coronary heart disease among American adults: The NHANES, 1999-2018. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0294861. 10.1371/journal.pone.0294861
- Chiusolo S, Bork CS, Gentile F, Lundbye-Christensen S, Harris WS, et al. Adipose tissue n-3/n-6 fatty acids ratios versus n-3 fatty acids fractions as predictors of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2023;262:38. 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.03.019
- Maki KC, Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Underberg JA, Kastelein JJP, et al. A Head-to-Head Comparison of a Free Fatty Acid Formulation of Omega-3 Pentaenoic Acids Versus Icosapent Ethyl in Adults With Hypertriglyceridemia: The ENHANCE-IT Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e024176. 10.1161/JAHA.121.024176
- Zelniker TA, Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Furtado JD, Guo J, et al. Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome in MERLIN-TIMI 36. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e017401. 10.1161/JAHA.120.017401
- Harris WS, Leonard D, Radford NB, Barlow CE, Steele MR, et al. Increases in erythrocyte DHA are not associated with increases in LDL-cholesterol: Cooper center longitudinal study. J Clin Lipidol. 2021;15:212. 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.11.011
- Fosshaug LE, Colas RA, Anstensrud AK, Gregersen I, Nymo S, et al. Early increase of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. EBioMedicine. 2019;46:264. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.024
- Desnoyers M, Gilbert K, Madingou N, Gagné MA, Daneault C, et al. A high omega-3 fatty acid diet rapidly changes the lipid composition of cardiac tissue and results in cardioprotection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;96:916. 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0043
- Colas RA, Souza PR, Walker ME, Burton M, Zasłona Z, et al. Impaired Production and Diurnal Regulation of Vascular RvD Increase Systemic Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2018;122:855. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312472
- Hamazaki K, Iso H, Eshak ES, Ikehara S, Ikeda A, et al. Plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: The Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;272:226. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.004
- Dai Perrard XY, Lian Z, Bobotas G, Dicklin MR, Maki KC, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acid treatment on monocyte phenotypes in humans with hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2017;11:1361. 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.011
- Del Gobbo LC, Imamura F, Aslibekyan S, Marklund M, Virtanen JK, et al. ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling Project of 19 Cohort Studies. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1155. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2925
- Tajik B, Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The association of serum long-chain n-3 PUFA and hair mercury with exercise cardiac power in men. Br J Nutr. 2016;116:487. 10.1017/S0007114516002142
- Abeywardena MY, Adams M, Dallimore J, Kitessa SM. Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients. 2016;8. 10.3390/nu8010014
- Hiram R, Rizcallah E, Sirois C, Sirois M, Morin C, et al. Resolvin D1 reverses reactivity and Ca2+ sensitivity induced by ET-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the human pulmonary artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307:H1547. 10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2014
